Internet Text Files: End Of Line Characters
Version 1.3
HTML format of texteol.stf file
You can do a command-line conversion between Mac, PC, and Unix line endings using any one of many perl / sed / awk commands, or use the freeware command-line program flip.The nice thing about flip is that it's easy to remember and you don't have to make aliases, etc. Usage is simple, just use one of the flags: -m, -d, or -u, for traditional Mac, DOS/Windows, or Unix line endings. Jul 01, 2020 Mozilla has released Firefox 78 with a new Protections Dashboard and a bunch of updates for web developers. This is also the last supported version of Firefox for macOS El Capitan (10.11) and earlier. Firefox is on a 'rapid release plan', which means a new version every four to five weeks.
The upcoming macOS 10.15 Catalina will require more apps and tools to be notarized. Apple has some loosened the requirements at last minute, but these changed limitations are only temporary, to give developers more time to adapt. Notarizing Mac Application bundles has its pitfalls, but is overall fairly well documented.However, I have been working on some command line tools written in Swift 5.
© 1994-1999 by Peter Benjamin
All Rights Reserved
The man holds his mountain bike over his head in front of the lake.(Ian uses Voice Control)Click share.A dialog box opens: “Share 1 Photo To,” with a numbered list of options.(Ian uses Voice Control)Three.Messages opens, and the photo appears in a message.(Ian uses Voice Control)Tim.The name Tim appears in the “To:” field, then autofills to “timabad@ icloud.com.' https://windowsomg.netlify.app/sticky-notes-for-mac-catalina.html.
You may distribute this paper by any means for non-profit, non commercialapplications. Please send it to your friends and local BBSes and FTP archives.No charge for distribution is allowed. All text in this file is copyrightedand no changes are allowed. Please email corrections, suggestions and paperideas to
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This paper is one of a series on cross platform and operating systemportability issues.
Abstract
The intended reader of this paper is the novice to intermediate computeruser who needs to share text files across multiple operating systems. Thispaper provides a simple explanation of man-readable computer files. TheEOL or end-of-line character difference between platforms is explainedfor DOS, Macintosh and Unix. FTP (file transfer protocol) binary/asciimode is explained to a degree.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Text File Facts
The Many Names of Man Readable Text Files.
The Many Filename Endings or 'Extensions'
ASCII - What it means and how to pronounce it.
Display and Non-display characters
End Of Line Characters: carriage return and line feed
Display on other platforms
Text Edit and Word Processing Software Features
Conversions between DOS, Macintosh and Unix.
Internet FTP
Introduction
Many computer users are confused and disappointed with the results whentransferring a man-readable text file to another platform. The reason isthe different End-Of-Line (EOL) character used by DOS, Macintosh and Unix.These differences are expounded. Conversion methods are mentioned. ASCIIis the character set most talked about, though other character sets arementioned, the EOL method is usually the same.
'Fixed length' record files do not use the EOL concept. The recordlength gives the EOL.
With the increasing use of Internet and it's FTP service, the incorrectsetting of FTP options will prevent accurate transfer and commonly resultsin garbage files. Binary files must be transferred in a 'binary',or 'integer' mode different from text files. However, text filescan be transferred in binary mode with no harm to the data.
Top of Page | Introduction | TextFile Facts | End-of-Line Characters | Conversions
Text File Facts
These files are known by many names including, but not limited to:
They have filenames that can end in the following, but the filenameending with these letter does not guarrantee it is man-readable text.
ASCII stands for American StandardCode for Information Interchange.ASCII is pronounced 'as-key'
The man readable portions are the same for all ASCII platforms and canbe ported between all ASCII platforms with little or no conversion. Thereare other character sets like IBM EBCDIC. These other formats can be converted.ASCII character set consists of the characters you see on the keyboard.
I assume the range of values available will be suitable for most users.It is fairly simple and there are no other configuration options, however if you are like me and want to disable mouse acceleration while allowing the pointer movement rate to be adjusted, then this should work for you. SummaryI hate to be another Apple basher, but there are things I love and hate about my Mac, which has been used as a very expensive iPod for the last 4 years (essentially since I got it).This is the end of my question, and answer, however I would like to share a few more details about my experience of Mac and OS X because I feel they are relevant to the question. In addition, I hope someone who works for Apple picks up on this question at some point in the future, and says 'Hey, guys, we've got a problem here, which is frustrating some of our users.' So here is a brief history of my experiences. Macos el capitan mouse pointers for windows 7.
End Of Line For Macos Free
These are the 'displayed' characters. Special 'non-display'characters do exist like 'space' (a blank), 'tab' andthe 'End-Of-Line' or EOL. These charcters are supposed to beinvisible to the reader, that is they are in the class of 'non-displayed'characters. In ASCII there are 94 display characters and 162 non-displaycharacters, for a total of 256 possible characters. Some edit softwarewill display these non-display characters as special symbols, most commonas a period. Other display types are 'hex' or 'octal'for programmers.
Top of Page | Introduction| Text File Facts | End-of-Line Characters| Conversions Yosemite update for mac problems.
End-of-Line Characters
The three platforms, DOS, Macintosh and Unix, all use a different end-of-linecharacter(s) or EOL to indicate the start of a new line. The EOL characterrepresents the two actions the computer should take in displaying the textfile lines. Upon encountering the EOL character the computer should dothe following common typewriter functions: carriage return and line feed.These terms are commonly abbreviated as <cr> and <lf>.These abbreviations are used for now on.
<cr>Carriage return is to return the cursor or currentactive display location for the next character to the beginning of thesame line.
<lf>Line feed is to change the display location right belowthe current position, or in other words, go to the next line below.
DOS—uses two characters at the end of the line: <cr><lf>,in that order.
Macintosh—uses one character at the end of the line:<cr>
Unix—uses one character at the end of the line: <lf>
They are different in order to protect copyright privileges.
FIGURE 1. Simplified Platform Text File EOL Representations
The above figures use a 'fixed length' line of text to increaseclarity, that is, the end of each line and entire blank lines are 'padded'with blanks. In actuality, to save storage space, these trailing paddingblanks are not present in the stored file. For example:
top of file<cr><lf>
line of text<cr><lf>
<cr><lf>
<cr><lf>
bottom of file<cr><lf>
<^Z>
Note the presence of <^Z>,or 'Control-Z', a non-displayedASCII character, used by old versions of DOS to indicate the end of thefile.
The presence of trailing blanks can increase the size of the file byfactors of 2 or 3. Sometimes the display of the text file does appear tohave them.
On some systems, like mainframes, the blanks can really be there. Theseare know as fixed length record files. No EOL characters are used.
A DOS file will display correct on both Macintosh and Unix except forthe presence of an extra character that may or may not be displayed atthe beginning or the end of a line. On Unix the extra <cr> iscommonly displayed as '^M' or Control-M.
A Macintosh ASCII file has an extra 'header' before the asciibegins that is used by the Macintosh operating system (OS) to tell finderwhat application made the file (i.e. Simple Text BBedit TeachText).
Top of Page | Introduction |Text File Facts | End-of-Line Characters| Conversions
Conversions
There are many public domain programs that will convert between theseformat. Many edit and/or word processing software can handle these EOLvariations.
DOS
In DOS there is no way to convert without having a special program.Neither the EDIT or EDLIN command will allow one to change the EOL charactersor insert them. Recommended is a shareware program crlf.exe, found as crlf###.zip,where ### is the version number at many internet software archive sites(i.e. oak.oakland.edu).
Windows
In Windows use program 'Write', 'Word Pad', or 'QuickView' to properly display the text. Also, see the Unix section belowto use 'sed' which DOS versions are available. Printing is donecorrectly. No conversion is done.
Macintosh
On Macintosh 'Apple Exchange' is commonly used. There aremany other Macintosh third party products for this function. Most are marketedas being able to read and write DOS diskettes and floppies. These programsdo the conversions invisible to you.
Unix
Unix comes with many commands and filters that will do the conversionsin any direction. Here are some 'sed' examples:
Not all Unix sed commands are the same. This method may not work. Itis possible to prepare the files ahead of time for transfer.
Internet FTP
This section deals only with one FTP subcommand 'binary.'For more information see the share text file FTPBEST.STF for exact commandsto enter to ease your use of FTP and ensure consistent and best results.
The 'binary' or 'integer' mode ensures the fileis transferred without any conversions of the internal data. This lackof conversion means the integrity of the internal data of the file is assuredand the file will perform as advertised.
Conversions used are for ASCII text files only and deal with the characterset and the End-Of-Line methods. Not all FTP software packages are thesame. Different release levels and vendors will have different, more orless, commands, and even some commands with the same spelling will workdifferently. It is best if you stay with a limited set of commands thatpast experience has shown you that they work.
The 'binary' command is a toggle switch with no argumentsor other parameters (or words on the same line). Toggle switches are likelight switches, either on or off, only two values are possible, and thesame switch or command is used. Using the command at anytime simply changesthe mode to the opposite value.
So, ALWAYS read the output of the binary command. Most FTP's start withit off, but some default it to on. The binary switch is on when after enteringthe command you see FTP> binary Integer mode FTP> Integer mode isa technical Unix term for treating all data files as integers or numbers,not as text. Integers or numbers must not have their values changed. Texton the other hand, might be converted to other character sets or EOL methodswith no loss of information.
Since most FTP users transfer both text files and binary files, the preferredsetting is always binary or integer mode. It is recommended that you getin the habit of always using the binary command right after typing FTPor entering FTP mode.
Having binary mode always on will ensure all the files you transferwill not change some of their internal data fields. Thus, all binary fileswill work as advertised and all text files will be intact and at most thetext files can be run through a simple conversion.
Binary files can not be reverse converted due to the nature of havinglook alike EOL characters that should not be converted. Also, that is thereason why binary files that are converted will not work as advertised,since the conversion is done on these look alike fields and changes the'instructions' for the computer that are stored in the binaryfile.
Good Luck andcruisin'!
Top of Page | Introduction| Text File Facts | End-of-Line Characters| Conversions
Caveat
The information provided is provided without warranty of any kind, eitherexpressed or implied, including but not limited to the implied warrantiesof merchant ability and fitness for a particular purpose.
HTML editing by Randy Clemens
All Trademarks are the respective property of their owners.
© 1994-1999 by Peter BenjaminAll Rights Reserved
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