This guide discusses how to install packages using pip anda virtual environment manager: either venv for Python 3 or virtualenvfor Python 2. These are the lowest-level tools for managing Pythonpackages and are recommended if higher-level tools do not suit your needs.
Note
This doc uses the term package to refer to aDistribution Package which is different from a ImportPackage that which is used to import modules in your Python source code.
Installing pip¶
pip is the reference Python package manager. It’s used to install andupdate packages. You’ll need to make sure you have the latest version of pipinstalled.
No local packages or working download links found for pbr=1.8 Traceback (most recent call last). $ pip install pbr=1.8 $ pip list grep pbr pbr (1.10.0) $ pip install -e # everything installs, zero errors I noticed everything was coming from cache though, so I recreated the venv and tried once more, this time using -no-cache-dir. Previously, the easyinstall utility failed to download packages from the Python Package Index (PyPI) repository. This happened because PyPI has recently switched to using the HTTPS protocol, which easyinstall did not support. No local packages or working download links found for setuptoolsscm=3.3.1 Maybe also to note, I am running a pypi cache and basically pip is using that cache (/etc/pip.conf), but easyinstall bypasses it and tries to connect directly. Workaround for me is installing the dependency using pip upfront: python3 -m pip install -upgrade setuptools-scm.
Windows¶
The Python installers for Windows include pip. You should be able to accesspip using:
You can make sure that pip is up-to-date by running:
Linux and macOS¶
Debian and most other distributions include a python-pip package, if youwant to use the Linux distribution-provided versions of pip seeInstalling pip/setuptools/wheel with Linux Package Managers.
You can also install pip yourself to ensure you have the latest version. It’srecommended to use the system pip to bootstrap a user installation of pip:
Afterwards, you should have the newest pip installed in your user site:
Installing virtualenv¶
Note
If you are using Python 3.3 or newer, the venv module isthe preferred way to create and manage virtual environments.venv is included in the Python standard library and requires no additional installation.If you are using venv, you may skip this section.
virtualenv is used to manage Python packages for different projects.Using virtualenv allows you to avoid installing Python packages globallywhich could break system tools or other projects. You can install virtualenvusing pip.
On macOS and Linux:
On Windows:
Creating a virtual environment¶
venv (for Python 3) and virtualenv (for Python 2) allowyou to manage separate package installations fordifferent projects. They essentially allow you to create a “virtual” isolatedPython installation and install packages into that virtual installation. Whenyou switch projects, you can simply create a new virtual environment and nothave to worry about breaking the packages installed in the other environments.It is always recommended to use a virtual environment while developing Pythonapplications.
To create a virtual environment, go to your project’s directory and runvenv. If you are using Python 2, replace venv with virtualenvin the below commands.
On macOS and Linux:
On Windows:
The second argument is the location to create the virtual environment. Generally, youcan just create this in your project and call it env.
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venv will create a virtual Python installation in the env folder.
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Note
You should exclude your virtual environment directory from your versioncontrol system using .gitignore or similar.
Activating a virtual environment¶
Before you can start installing or using packages in your virtual environment you’llneed to activate it. Activating a virtual environment will put thevirtual environment-specificpython and pip executables into your shell’s PATH.
On macOS and Linux:
On Windows:
You can confirm you’re in the virtual environment by checking the location of yourPython interpreter, it should point to the env directory.
On macOS and Linux:
On Windows:
As long as your virtual environment is activated pip will install packages into thatspecific environment and you’ll be able to import and use packages in yourPython application.
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Leaving the virtual environment¶
If you want to switch projects or otherwise leave your virtual environment, simply run:
If you want to re-enter the virtual environment just follow the same instructions aboveabout activating a virtual environment. There’s no need to re-create the virtual environment.
Installing packages¶
Now that you’re in your virtual environment you can install packages. Let’s install theRequests library from the Python Package Index (PyPI):
pip should download requests and all of its dependencies and install them:
Installing specific versions¶
pip allows you to specify which version of a package to install usingversion specifiers. For example, to installa specific version of requests:
To install the latest 2.x release of requests:
To install pre-release versions of packages, use the --pre flag:
Installing extras¶
Some packages have optional extras. You can tell pip to install these byspecifying the extra in brackets:
Installing from source¶
pip can install a package directly from source, for example:
Additionally, pip can install packages from source in development mode,meaning that changes to the source directory will immediately affect theinstalled package without needing to re-install:
Installing from version control systems¶
pip can install packages directly from their version control system. Forexample, you can install directly from a git repository:
For more information on supported version control systems and syntax, see pip’sdocumentation on VCS Support.
Installing from local archives¶
If you have a local copy of a Distribution Package’s archive (a zip,wheel, or tar file) you can install it directly with pip:
If you have a directory containing archives of multiple packages, you can tellpip to look for packages there and not to use thePython Package Index (PyPI) at all:
This is useful if you are installing packages on a system with limitedconnectivity or if you want to strictly control the origin of distributionpackages.
Using other package indexes¶
If you want to download packages from a different index than thePython Package Index (PyPI), you can use the --index-url flag:
If you want to allow packages from both the Python Package Index (PyPI)and a separate index, you can use the --extra-index-url flag instead:
Upgrading packages¶
pip can upgrade packages in-place using the --upgrade flag. For example, toinstall the latest version of requests and all of its dependencies:
Using requirements files¶
Instead of installing packages individually, pip allows you to declare alldependencies in a Requirements File. Forexample you could create a requirements.txt file containing:
And tell pip to install all of the packages in this file using the -r flag:
Freezing dependencies¶
Pip can export a list of all installed packages and their versions using thefreeze command:
Which will output a list of package specifiers such as:
This is useful for creating Requirements Files that can re-createthe exact versions of all packages installed in an environment.
If your system does not provide binary packages or you want to installa newer version, the best way is to get the pip package management tool(or use a virtualenv) andrun the following:
If you are not using pip in a virtualenv and want to install lxml globallyinstead, you have to run the above command as admin, e.g. on Linux:
To install a specific version, either download the distributionmanually and let pip install that, or pass the desired versionto pip:
To speed up the build in test environments, e.g. on a continuousintegration server, disable the C compiler optimisations by settingthe CFLAGS environment variable:
(The option reads 'minus Oh Zero', i.e. zero optimisations.)
MS Windows
For MS Windows, recent lxml releases feature community donatedbinary distributions, although you might still want to take a lookat the related FAQ entry.If you fail to build lxml on your MS Windows system from the signedand tested sources that we release, consider using the binary buildsfrom PyPI or the unofficial Windows binariesthat Christoph Gohlke generously provides.
Linux
On Linux (and most other well-behaved operating systems), pip willmanage to build the source distribution as long as libxml2 and libxsltare properly installed, including development packages, i.e. header files,etc. See the requirements section above and use your system packagemanagement tool to look for packages like libxml2-dev orlibxslt-devel. If the build fails, make sure they are installed.
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Alternatively, setting STATIC_DEPS=true will download and buildboth libraries automatically in their latest version, e.g.STATIC_DEPS=true pip install lxml.
MacOS-X
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On MacOS-X, use the following to build the source distribution,and make sure you have a working Internet connection, as this willdownload libxml2 and libxslt in order to build them: